INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC- 1:08 PM

• There were references to the music in the Vedic times.
• A special priest known as Udhatar used to sing hymns of Veda.
• All those hymns of Rig Veda which were sung constitute Sam Veda.
• It is derived from the word saman which means music.
• Sam Veda consists of 16 thousand Raag and Ragini (melodies).
• Later on one upaveda Gandharva Veda was attached to Sam Veda.
• It is regarded as the rule book of the music.
• Bharat Muni’s Natya Shastra is regarded as the first organized text on music.
• Indian music has three elements-
• Swara: It is note, tone, pitch, or frequency.
• Indian music is heptatonic in nature which means there are seven pure swara.
• Each swara is the combination of different numbers of shruti 
• Shruti: The smallest unit of sound. In other words, shruti is the feeble sound that the human ear can perceive.
• The combination of many shrutis leads to the creation of Swara.
• Sa-Sadja(similar to Western major -(do)
• Re-Reshabha (re)
• Ga-Gandhara (mi)
• Ma-Madhyam (fa)
• Pa-Pancham (so)
• Dha-Dhavaita (la)
• Ni-Nishada (ti)
• Raag: is considered as the basis of melody.
• It is created by the different combinations of the Swara.
• For the creation of a Raag, there must be at least five distinct notes.
• On the basis of distinct note, there are three types of Raag.
• Odhava Raag- 5 distinct notes
• Sadhava Raag- 6 distinct notes
• Sampoorna Raag- all 7 distinct notes.
• Innumerous combinations of Ragas can be created with the different combinations of the Swaras.

TAAL- 1:44 PM

• Taal: forms the basis of rhythm in music.
• It is an arrangement of beats in a cyclical manner.
• The popular rhythmic cycles in Indian music are as follows:
• 3 Rhythmic cycle-Thisara
• 4 Rhythmic cycle- Chatusara
• 5 Rhythmic cycle- Khanda
• 6 Rhythmic cycle- Misra
• 7 Rhythmic cycle- Sankirtana
• Initially, there was no difference between northern and south Indian music.
• The differentiation started to happen in the medieval centuries.
• In northern and northwestern kingdoms, singers devised the time season mood theory of Raag which led to the development of the Hindustani school of music.
• The differentiation started in early medieval times when singers of north India started to follow the time season mood theory of Raag.

• Later influence of Amir Khusrau led to the final differentiation of Nothern music from South Indian music.

HINDUSTANI CLASSICAL MUSIC- 2:01 PM

• Dhrupad is the oldest classical music in India whose origin is based on the temple tradition of ancient times.
• Dhrupad is a simple and sober composition that demands effort from the lungs and vocal cords.
• Dhrupad performances start with Alap followed by Jod and finally with four composed sections i.e. Sthayi, Antara, Sanchari, and Abhoga.
• Generally, Braj bhasha and Awadhi were used for singing Dhrupad
• The major impetus to Dhrupad happened at the time of Raja Mansingh Tomar of Gwalior
• Mughal emperor Akbar maintained many famous dhrupad singers like Tansen, Baiju Bawra, and Guru Gopal Das.
• Impressed by the signing of the Tansen Akbar gave the title of Miyan to Tansen which means master.
• Tansen's original name was Ramtanu Pandey and he learned Dhrupad from his guru Swami Haridas of Gwalior.
• On the basis of dialect, there are four famous Gharanas of Dhrupad:
• 1. Dagari Gharana (popular in Rajasthan)
• 2. Bettiah Gharana (popular in Bihar)
• 3. Darbhanga Gharana (Bihar)
• 4. Bishnupur Gharana (West Bengal) 
• Khayal-
• It is a Persian word that means thought or imagination.
• The origin of Khayal can be clearly attributed to Amir Khusrau.
• Khayal is a romantic composition
• As compared to Dhrupad much more freedom is given to the singers in structure and form.
• Generally, Khayal performance takes place in two stages:
• 1. Chota Khayal
• 2. Bada Khayal
• The use of Taan is a feature of Khayal
• Famous Gharanas of Khayal are as follows:
• -Kairana Gharana (UP)
• -Lucknow Gharana
• -Banaras Gharana
• -Patiala gharana
• -Gwalior Gharana
• -Agra Gharana
• -Jaipur Gharana

SEMI-CLASSICAL HINDUSTANI- 2:29 PM

• Thumri-
• It is a mixture of devolution and romantic ragas.
• The origin of thumri can be traced to Bhakti saints of north India.
• There are two popular versions of thumri i.e. Purvi thumri (sung in slow tempo), and Punjabi thumri (sung in fast tempo).
• There are two popular Gharanas of thumri i.e. Banaras and Lucknow.
• Dhamar-
• It is especially performed in the Mathura, Vrindavan, or Braj area of UP.
• The theme is based love affair of lord Krishna with Gopikas.
• It's the special music for the Holi festival.
• Tappa-
• It was developed by camel riders of the North West.
• They used local idioms and phrases for singing.
• As such Tappa is noted for a quick turn of phrases.
• Later singers of Punjab started to create fast songs under this category.
• Tarana-
• It emerged from the royal courts of North India.
• It was very popular among the rich Aristocratic class of North India.
• It had very few meaningful words but it had very high entertainment value.
• Qawwali-
• The origin of Qawwali can be traced to Amir Khusrau.
• He started to compose small couplets in praise of Allah the Prophet and the Sufi Saints.
• It is specifically performed during the festival of URS at the Sufi dargah.
• Gazal-
• It is another product of Persian influence.
• Essentially it was romantic poetry but many times the underlying Sufi element is also noted where singers see god as beloved.
• Mir Taki Mir and Mirza Ghalib were the famous initial Gazal composers.
• The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was another famous Gazal composer.

CARNATIC CLASSICAL MUSIC- 3:11 PM

• Purandhar Das is regarded as a grand old man of Carnatic.
• Sangeetasara of Vidyaranya is considered to be the forerunner of southern music.
• In the middle 17th century, Venkatamukhi wrote Chaturdandiprakshika which became the bedrock of Carnatic music.
• In this book, he devised the 72 Melakarta Raga system, from which all the raga of Carnatic can be traced.
• At the time of India's Independence Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande popularised the Carnatic system later government of India created Bhatkhande of music at Lucknow.
• The Carnatic performance takes place in three stages:
• Ragam- It is improvised Alapana in free time.
• Tanam- It is an interconnector.
• Pallavi- It is the final composed section that sets the melody to a taal.
• Kriti- Singing part.
• Kritanum- Music part
• Trinity of the Carnatic music-
• Male Trinity- Thyagaraja, Shyama Shastri, Muthuswami Diksitkar.
• Female Trinity- ML Vasanthkumari. DK Pattamal, MS Shubbulakshmi.
• M.S Shubbulakshmi - She is considered to be the greatest classical musical figure in India.
• She performed in the UN assembly in the 1960s.
• She was conferred with Bharat Ratna, Raman Magsaysay, etc.

VIDEOS OF CLASSICAL DANCE WERE PLAYED- 3:29 PM

• Please the video of folk dances that are on the Vision IAS YouTube channel. 

The topic for the next class- Indian paintings